Is H&r Block Tax Pro Review Worth It
| H | |
|---|---|
| H h | |
| (See below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Linguistic communication of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage | [h] [10] [ħ] [0̸] [ɦ] [ɥ] [ʜ] [ʔ] [◌ʰ] [ç] |
| Unicode codepoint | U+0048, U+0068 |
| Alphabetical position | 8 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time catamenia | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants | Ħ Ƕ Ⱶ Һ ʰ h ħ |
| Sisters | И Һ Ԧ ח ح ܚ ࠄ ࠇ 𐎅 𐎈 Հ հ |
| Variations | (See beneath) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | h(x), ch, gh, nh, ph, sh, ſh, thursday, wh, (ten)h |
H, or h, is the 8th letter in the ISO bones Latin alphabet. Its name in English is aitch (pronounced , plural aitches), or regionally haitch .[1]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph fence | Proto-Sinaitic ḥaṣr | Phoenician Heth | Greek Heta | Etruscan H | Latin H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |     | |  |
The original Semitic letter Heth most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The form of the letter of the alphabet probably stood for a fence or posts.
The Greek Eta 'Η' in archaic Greek alphabets, before coming to represent a long vowel, /ɛː/, still represented a similar sound, the voiceless glottal fricative /h/. In this context, the letter of the alphabet eta is likewise known every bit Heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Old Italic alphabets, the letter Heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.
While Etruscan and Latin had /h/ equally a phoneme, about all Romance languages lost the audio—Romanaian afterwards re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Spanish developed a secondary /h/ from /f/, before losing information technology over again; various Spanish dialects have developed [h] as an allophone of /s/ or /10/ in most Spanish-speaking countries, and diverse dialects of Portuguese use it as an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is also used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such as 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Castilian, Galician, Old Portuguese, and English; /ʃ/ in French and modern Portuguese; /k/ in Italian, French, and English language; /x/ in German, Czech, Shine, Slovak, 1 native word of English, and a few loanwords into English; and /ç/ in German.
Name in English
For most English language speakers, the name for the alphabetic character is pronounced as and spelled "aitch"[1] or occasionally "eitch". The pronunciation and the associated spelling "haitch" is ofttimes considered to be h-calculation and is considered nonstandard in England.[two] Information technology is, however, a characteristic of Hiberno-English language,[iii] every bit well as scattered varieties of Edinburgh, England, and Welsh English,[4] and in Commonwealth of australia and Nova Scotia.
The perceived proper noun of the letter affects the choice of indefinite article earlier initialisms outset with H: for instance "an H-bomb" or "a H-bomb". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed by analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, nigh of which include the sound they stand for.[5]
The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, being used past approximately 24% of English people born since 1982,[6] and polls go on to evidence this pronunciation becoming more common among younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, the pronunciation without the /h/ sound is nevertheless considered to be standard in England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is also attested as a legitimate variant.[2] In Northern Ireland, the pronunciation of the alphabetic character has been used as a shibboleth, with Catholics typically pronouncing it with the /h/ and Protestants pronouncing the letter of the alphabet without it.[7]
Authorities disagree near the history of the alphabetic character's proper noun. The Oxford English Lexicon says the original proper name of the letter was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English via Old French [atʃ], and by Middle English was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language Language derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of ii obsolete orderings of the alphabet, 1 with H immediately followed by Yard and the other without any G: reciting the former'south ..., H, G, Fifty,... as [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, 50,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.[8]
Use in writing systems
English
In English language, ⟨h⟩ occurs as a single-letter grapheme (being either silent or representing the voiceless glottal fricative () and in various digraphs, such every bit ⟨ch⟩ , , , or ), ⟨gh⟩ (silent, /ɡ/, /grand/, /p/, or /f/), ⟨ph⟩ (/f/), ⟨rh⟩ (/r/), ⟨sh⟩ (), ⟨thursday⟩ ( or ), ⟨wh⟩ (/hw/ [9]). The letter of the alphabet is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed, every bit well as in certain other words (generally of French origin) such as hour, honest, herb (in American but not British English) and vehicle (in sure varieties of English). Initial /h/ is frequently not pronounced in the weak class of some part words including had, has, have, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English (including most regional dialects of England and Wales) information technology is often omitted in all words (see '⟨h⟩'-dropping). It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite commodity before a word beginning with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, as in "an historian", just use of a is at present more usual (see English articles § Indefinite article). In English language, The pronunciation of ⟨h⟩ as /h/ can be analyzed equally a voiceless vowel. That is, when the phoneme /h/ precedes a vowel, /h/ may be realized equally a voiceless version of the subsequent vowel. For example the word ⟨hit⟩, /hɪt/ is realized as [ɪ̥ɪt].[10] H is the eighth most ofttimes used letter in the English language (after S, Northward, I, O, A, T, and Due east), with a frequency of nearly iv.ii% in words.[ citation needed ] When h is placed afterward certain other consonants, it modifies their pronunciation in various ways, e.g. for ch, gh, ph, sh, and th.
Other languages
In the German language, the proper name of the letter is pronounced /haː/. Post-obit a vowel, it often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the word erhöhen ('heighten'), the second ⟨h⟩ is mute for nigh speakers exterior of Switzerland. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨h⟩ in about all instances of ⟨th⟩ in native German words such as thun ('to practise') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which go along to be spelled with ⟨th⟩ even later on the last German spelling reform.
In Spanish and Portuguese, ⟨h⟩ (" hache " in Spanish, pronounced ['atʃe], or agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent letter with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the audio /h/. In words where the ⟨h⟩ is derived from a Latin /f/, it is still sometimes pronounced with the value [h] in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria, and the Americas. Some words beginning with [je] or [we], such as hielo , 'ice' and huevo , 'egg', were given an initial ⟨h⟩ to avoid defoliation between their initial semivowels and the consonants ⟨j⟩ and ⟨five⟩. This is because ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩ used to be considered variants of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. ⟨h⟩ also appears in the digraph ⟨ch⟩, which represents /tʃ/ in Castilian and northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in varieties that have merged both sounds (the latter originally represented by ⟨x⟩ instead), such as most of the Portuguese linguistic communication and some Spanish dialects, prominently Chilean Spanish.
In French, the proper name of the letter of the alphabet is written as "ache" and pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that begin with this letter in two ways, one of which can impact the pronunciation, even though information technology is a silent letter either way. The H muet, or "mute" ⟨h⟩, is considered as though the alphabetic character were non there at all, then for case the atypical definite article le or la, which is elided to l' before a vowel, elides before an H muet followed past a vowel. For case, le + hébergement becomes l'hébergement ('the accommodation'). The other kind of ⟨h⟩ is called h aspiré ("aspirated '⟨h⟩'", though information technology is not normally aspirated phonetically), and does not allow elision or liaison. For example in le homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and may be separated from the noun with a bit of a glottal stop. Most words that begin with an H muet come from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas virtually words outset with an H aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or non-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic ⟨h⟩ was added to disambiguate the [v] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations before the introduction of the distinction between the letters ⟨five⟩ and ⟨u⟩: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).
In Italian, ⟨h⟩ has no phonological value. Its virtually important uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /one thousand/ and 'gh' /ɡ/, besides as to differentiate the spellings of certain brusk words that are homophones, for instance some present tense forms of the verb avere ('to take') (such as hanno, 'they have', vs. anno, 'year'), and in short interjections (oh, ehi).
Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian employ ⟨h⟩ as a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], oft every bit an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced environment.
In Hungarian, the letter has no fewer than five pronunciations, with three additional uses as a productive and non-productive element of digraphs. The letter h may correspond /h/ as in the name of the Székely boondocks Hargita; intervocalically it represents /ɦ/ every bit in tehén; information technology represents /ten/ in the word doh; it represents /ç/ in ihlet; and it is silent in cseh. As role of a digraph, it represents, in primitive spelling, /t͡ʃ/ with the letter of the alphabet c every bit in the name Széchenyi; it represents, again, with the letter c, /x/ in pech (which is pronounced [pɛxː]); in certain environments it breaks palatalization of a consonant, equally in the name Beöthy which is pronounced [bøːti] (without the intervening h, the proper noun Beöty could be pronounced [bøːc]); and finally, it acts as a silent component of a digraph, every bit in the proper noun Vargha, pronounced [vɒrgɒ].
In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, ⟨h⟩ is too commonly used for /ɦ/, which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic letter ⟨г⟩.
In Irish, ⟨h⟩ is non considered an contained letter, except for a very few not-native words, however ⟨h⟩ placed after a consonant is known as a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to replace the original grade of a séimhiú, a dot placed above the consonant, after the introduction of typewriters.
In most dialects of Polish, both ⟨h⟩ and the digraph ⟨ch⟩ always represent /x/.
In Basque, during the 20th century it was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain simply it marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that h would be accepted if it were the first consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come up") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or not. For the dialects lacking the aspiration, this meant a complication added to the standardized spelling.
Other systems
As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), it is used mainly for the and so-chosen aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the apparently letter of the alphabet are used to represent 2 sounds: the lowercase form ⟨h⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small majuscule form ⟨ʜ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule ⟨ħ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked ⟨ɦ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ is used to stand for aspiration.
- H with diacritics: Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ Ꜧ ꜧ
- IPA-specific symbols related to H: ʜ ꟸ ɦ ʰ ʱ ɥ ᶣ [11]
- ᴴ : Modifier letter H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[12]
- ₕ : Subscript pocket-sized h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902[13]
- ʰ : Modifier letter minor h is used in Indo-European studies[14]
- ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics[15]
- Ƕ ƕ : Latin letter hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic alphabetic character 𐍈 (which represented the sound [hʷ])
- Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters[xvi]
- Ꟶ ꟶ : Reversed one-half h used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul[17]
Ancestors, siblings, and descendants in other alphabets
- 𐤇 : Semitic alphabetic character Heth, from which the post-obit symbols derive
- Η η : Greek alphabetic character Eta, from which the following symbols derive
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
- ᚺ, ᚻ : Runic letter haglaz, which is probably a descendant of Old Italic H
- Һ һ : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet Shha, which derives from Latin H
- И и : Cyrillic letter И, which derives from the Greek letter Eta
- 𐌷 : Gothic letter of the alphabet haal
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
- Η η : Greek alphabetic character Eta, from which the following symbols derive
Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations
- h : Planck abiding
- ℏ : reduced Planck constant
- : Blackboard bold capital H used in quaternion annotation
Computing codes
| Preview | H | h | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Capital letter Letter of the alphabet H | LATIN SMALL LETTER H | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 72 | U+0048 | 104 | U+0068 |
| UTF-viii | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
| Numeric character reference | H | H | h | h |
| EBCDIC family | 200 | C8 | 136 | 88 |
| ASCII 1 | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
one and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Run into also
- American Sign Language grammar
- List of Egyptian hieroglyphs#H
References
- ^ a b "H" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster'southward Tertiary New International Dictionary of the English language Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op. cit.
- ^ a b "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How practise you pronounce 'H'?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- ^ Dolan, T. P. (one January 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English language: The Irish Utilize of English language. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved three September 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ Vaux, Bert. The Cambridge Online Survey of Earth Englishes Archived 24 May 2019 at the Wayback Car. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Todd, Fifty. & Hancock I.: "International English Ipod", page 254. Routledge, 1990.
- ^ John C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, page 360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
- ^ Dolan, T. P. (i Jan 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Employ of English language. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356.
- ^ Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). "Alphabet soup, part 2: H and Y". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford Academy Press. Archived from the original on four October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- ^ In many dialects, /hw/ and /westward/ take merged
- ^ "phonology - Why is /h/ called voiceless vowel phonetically, and /h/ consonant phonologically?". Linguistics Stack Commutation. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ Constable, Peter (xix Apr 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (27 January 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on eleven October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (vii June 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on xi October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Melt, Richard; Everson, Michael (twenty September 2001). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add half-dozen phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Everson, Michael (12 August 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ West, Andrew; Everson, Michael (25 March 2019). "L2/nineteen-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to H. |
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H
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